Modernist timeline
Related: modern - modern art - modernism - modernist literature - modernist music
Chronology of Modern Music, Art and World Events
by Larry J Solomon, © 2002
- 1827: Nicéphore Niépce: invention of photography
- 1837: Georg Büchner: Wozzeck
- 1859: Richard Wagner: Tristan and Isolde (extended tonality)
- 1865: George Mendel: Laws of genetics
- 1874: Modest Mussorgsky: Boris Goudonov, Pictures at an Exhibition
- 1877: Claude Monet: Gare Saint-Lazare (early impressionism)
- 1878: Thomas Edison: first electric light
- 1881: Franz Liszt: Nuages gris (suspended tonality)
- 1883: Friedrich Nietzsche: Also Sprach Zarathustra
- 1883: Erik Satie: Vexations (proto-minimalism, 18.6 hours of repetition of a short passage of mostly diminished chords)
- 1884: Georges Seurat: Sunday Afternoon on the Grande Jatte, pointillism
- 1886: Charles Ives: first tone clusters, used as percussion to accompany father's band
- 1885: Benz: first automobile
- 1887: Satie: Sarabandes (unresolved consecutive ninth and seventh chords, modal)
- Faure: Requiem
- 1888: Nikola Tesla AC dynamo makes long-distance electric power possible
- Satie: Gymnopedies (parallel fifths and sevenths, modal)
- Vincent Van Gogh: Sunflowers
- 1889: Paris World Exposition opens
- Van Gogh: Starry Night, Landscape with Cypress, proto-expressionism
- 1890: Satie: 6 Gnossienne, unmeasured music
- 1891: Satie: Le Fils des Etoiles, first use of atonality, planed, complex quartal chords and polychords
- 1892: Telephone service from NYC to Chicago
- Henry Ford's first car
- Claude Debussy: Prélude à après-midi d'un Faune (impressionism, parallel planing of fifths and sevenths)
- 1893: Oscar Wilde: Salome
- Edward Munch: The Scream (early expressionism)
- Peter Tchaikovsky: Symphony No. 6; one of last Romantic symphonies)
- 1895: Roentgen: x-rays discovered
- Lumiere: first movie camera
- Sigmund Freud: Studies in Hysteria
- Niagara Falls first commercial electric power
- Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra
- 1896: Marconi: first wireless transmission
- Ives: Greek Fugue in Four Keys [earliest polytonality]
- 1898: H.G. Wells: War of the Worlds
- Rimsky-Korsakov: Sadko
- Richard Strauss: Ein Heldenleben
- 1899: Boer War
- Maurice Ravel: Pavane pour une infante défunte
- Arnold Schoenberg: Verklärte Nacht [extended tonality]
- Scott Joplin: Maple Leaf Rag (Ragtime Jazz)
- 1900: Paris Exposition of world cultures affects artists and composers
- Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams
- Max Planck develops quantum theory
- Zeppelin: first dirigible
- 1901: Ravel: Jeux d'eau (use of parallel fifths, seconds, sevenths, and ninths, "Petrushka" chord)
- Schoenberg: Gurrelieder (1901-13) [extended tonality]
- Sergei Rachmaninoff: Piano Concerto No. 2
- 1902: Ives: Country Band March (earliest polyrhythms and polymeters; polytonal)
- Monet: Waterloo Bridge
- 1903: Wright brothers first successful airplane flight
- 1904: Russo-Japanese war
- Madame Curie discovers radium
- Giacomo Puccini: Madame Butterfly [late romantic]
- 1905: Albert Einstein: Special Relativity Theory
- Carl Jung: Psychology of Dementia
- Henri Matisse and Les Fauves Paris exhibition
- Ives: Three Page Sonata (first pantonal music; first mixed-interval non-tertian chords)
- Debussy: La Mer (impressionist sea)
- Ravel: Miroirs
- Strauss: Salome (extended tonality)
- 1906: Victrola gramophone; Caruso recorded
- Ives: Scherzo: Over the Pavements (earliest notated tone clusters; first use of piano as percussion; polyrhythms, extensive asymmetric meters, multimeters; )
- Ives: Central Park in the Dark (polytonality)
- Schoenberg:Chamber Symphony, op. 9 (expanded tonality)
- De Forest triode makes radio possible; first radio broadcast
- 1907: Paris cubist exhibition
- Ives: Studies and "Take Offs" for piano (complex pantonal counterpoint and harmony, polyrhythms)
- Scriabin: Poem of Ecstacy
- Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
- 1908: Ives: Songs (1904-21) (eclecticism, ametrical pantonality [The Cage, 1906])
- Schoenberg: Three Piano Pieces, Op. 11 (first European pantonal music)
- Ravel: Rhapsodie Espagnole
- Rilke: New Poems
- 1909: DNA and RNA discovered
- First plastic: bakelite
- Schoenberg: Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op 16 (Premonition, Colors, etc.) (first klangfarbenmelodie)
- Filipo Tommaso Marinetti's first Futurist manifesto
- Emil Nolde: Wildly Dancing Children; (expressionism)
- Frank Lloyd Wright: Robie House
- 1910: Discovery of electron and proton
- China abolishes slavery
- Ives: Symphony No. 4 (first use of an electronic instrument "Ether Organ"; first use of quarter tones)
- Ravel: Daphnis et Chloè (modal ballet)
- Bartok: Allegro Barbaro (piano as percussion)
- Igor Stravinsky: Petrushka, ballet (polychords)
- Anton Webern, Six Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 6 [pantonal]
- Debussy: Preludes, Book 1 (parallel fifths, octaves, sevenths, and ninths)
- Wassily Kandinsky: first abstract paintings
- Emil Nolde: Dancing Around the Golden Calf (expressionism)
- 1911: Ernst Rutherford: nuclear model of atom
- Charles Ives: Three Places in New England (1903-1914)
- Bela Bartok: Bluebeard's Castle, opera
- Alexander Scriabin: Prometheus/Poem of Fire (music and colored light, complex non-tertian chords)
- Schoenberg: Self Portraits
- Georgio de Chirico: La Nostalgia de l'infiniti
- Marc Chagall: I and the Village
- 1912: Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire (expressionist pantonal melodrama)
- Ives: Concord Sonata (Sonata No. 2 for piano) (large tone clusters)
- Henry Cowell: piano pieces (1912-25) (first exploration of extended piano techniques)
- Marcel Duchamp: Nude Descending a Staircase
- Kandinsky: Improvisation
- Gino Severini: Self Portrait with Monocle
- 1913: Stravinsky: La Sacre du Printemps (polymeter, polyrhythms, multimeter, orchestra as percussion)
- Ives: Chromotimelodtune (first 12-tone row, serial composition)
- Scriabin: Sonata No. 9
- Satie: Descriptions automatiques
- Marcel Proust: Remembrance of Things Past
- Franz Marc: Fate of the Animals
- Ludwig Meidner: Apocalyptic Visions
- New York City Armory show
- 1914: First World War breaks out, Panama canal opened
- D.W. Griffith movie: Birth of a Nation
- Scriabin: Vers la Flamme, Op. 72, Preludes, Op. 74 (octatonic scales, complex chords)
- Oscar Kokoshka: The Tempest (Bride of the Wind)
- Paul Klee: The Creator
- 1915: Scriabin dies
- Bartok: Rumanian Folk Dances (modal folklorist)
- Ferdinand Morton: Jelly Roll Blues
- Ernst Kirchner: Self Portrait as a Soldier
- Duchamp: Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors Only
- W. Somerset Maugham: Of Human Bondage
- Ku Klux Klan founded
- 1916: Einstein: General Theory of Relativity
- Dada begins in Zurich
- First IQ tests
- Giorgio de Chirico: The Disquieting Muse
- Georges Roualt: The Old King
- Henri Matisse: Piano Lesson
- 1917: Russian Bolshevik Revolution
- USA enters WWI
- Surrealism begins (Appolonaire)
- De Stil founded by Piet Mondrian
- Willem de Stiller: theory of expanding universe (Big Bang)
- Stravinsky: Les Noces (modes, polymeter, multimeter, circular motives, polymodality)
- George Grosz: Explosion
- Georges Roualt: Three Clowns
- 1918: Debussy dies
- Stravinsky: L'Histoire du Soldat
- Max Beckmann: The Night
- 1919: Treaty of Versailles, end of WWI
- George Grosz: To Oscar Panizza, Blood is the Best Sauce
- Picasso: Pierrot & Harlequin
- 1920: First radio broadcasting station, KDKA Pittsburgh
- Theremin invents Aetherophone (later known as simply the Theremin)
- Satie: Musique d'ameublement, Socrate
- Otto Dix: War Cripples, The Match Vendor
- 1921: Picasso: Three Musicians
- Piet Mondrian: Painting No. 1
- Grosz: Gray Day
- Charlie Chaplin: The Kid (movie)
- 1922: Fascist Revolution in Italy
- Schoenberg discovers serial composition
- Schoenberg: Suite, for piano, Op. 25 (12-tone series)
- James Joyce: Ulysses
- T.S. Eliot: The Wasteland
- Rilke: The Duino Elegies
- Hermann Hesse: Siddhartha
- Grosz: Dusk
- Dix: Murder
- 1923: Hitler-Ludendorff Putcsh in Munich
- Grosz: Hitler, The Savior
- Stravinsky: Octet
- Ives: Three Quarter Tone Pieces (microtones)
- Arthur Honegger: Pacific 231
- Paul Klee: At the Mountain of the Bull
- Max Beckmann: The Trapeze
- 1924: Stalin becomes dictator of Russia; Lenin dead
- Franz Kafka: The Trial
- Schoenberg: Serenade (12-tone series)
- Giacomo Puccini: Turandot
- George Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue, jazz-classical merger
- Juan Miro: Catalan Landscape
- 1925: Hitler: Mein Kampf
- George Antheil, Ballet Mechanique (first percussion masterwork)
- Alban Berg: Wozzeck (expressionist pantonal opera)
- Henry Cowell: The Banshee (extended piano)
- Dix: Three Whores on the Street
- F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby
- 1926: Schoenberg: Septet (Suite), Op. 29
- Dmitri Shostakovich: Symphony No. 1
- Bartok: Cantata Profana, Miraculous Mandarin, Mikrokosmos (modes and polytonality)
- Grosz: Eclipse of the Sun, Pillars of Society
- Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises
- First sound movies
- 1927: Grosz: Warning [warning against rising Nazi menace and moral decay in Germany]
- Charles Lindbergh: first trans-Atlantic flight
- First television transmission
- Transatlantic telephone service
- Heisenberg uncertainty principle in quantum physics
- Duke Ellington: "Black and Tan Fantasy", "Creole Love Song"
- Eugene O'Neill: Strange Interlude
- Rene Magritte: Man with Newspaper
- 1928: Alban Berg: Lulu (opera) (1928-34)
- Schoenberg: Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31
- Webern: Symphony, Op. 21 (12-tone serial symphony)
- Paul Hindemith and Ernst Toch experiment with electronically generated sounds
- Ravel: Bolero (etude in instrumental colors)
- Kurt Weill: Three Penny Opera
- Aldous Huxley: Point Counterpoint
- 1929: New York stock market crashes, world-wide depression
- Edwin Hubble discovers galaxies and red shift, confirming expanding-universe theory
- Grosz: The Agitator (Hitler)
- Mies Van der Rohe: German Pavilion
- Kasimir Malevich: Black Square [extreme abstraction]
- William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury
- 1930: Stravinsky: Symphony of Psalms
- Grant Wood: American Gothic
- Piet Mondrian: Fox Trot
- Cowell: New Musical Resources
- Aaron Copland: Piano Variations
- 1931: Japan invades Manchuria
- Edgard Varese: Ionization (percussion masterwork)
- Eugene O'Neill: Mourning Becomes Electra
- Salvador Dali: Persistence of Memory
- 1932: Franklin Roosevelt, president of USA
- Discovery of the neutron
- Bartok: String Quartet No. 4 (extended string techniques)
- Schoenberg: Moses and Aron, opera
- Ravel: two piano concerti
- Dix: The War (series)
- Klee: Barbarian Captain
- 1933: Hitler declares himself Chancellor of Germany
- Goering and Goebbels appointed
- First German concentration camps built, Jews boycotted
- Schoenberg flees from Germany to USA
- Massive emigration of artists and scientists to USA (1933-40)
- Modern art suppressed in Germany
- Paul Hindemith: Mathis der Maler, opera
- Juan Miro: Composition
- Arnold Toynbee: A Study of History
- Jung: Modern Man in Search of a Soul
- 1934: Hitler begins blood bath in Germany, meets Mussolini
- Josef Stalin purges begin in Russia
- Japan renounces USA treaties
- Dix: The Triumph of Death
- Webern: Concerto, Op. 24 (highly concentrated motivic serialism)
- 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia
- Hitler renounces Versailles treaty
- Berg: Violin Concerto, Berg dies
- George Gershwin: Porgy and Bess
- Allgemeine Elekrizitats Gesellshaft "Magnetophone", first magnetic tape recorder
- Dali: Giraffe on Fire
- 1936: German troops occupy Rhineland, build Siegfried line
- Hitler & Mussolini proclaim Rome-Berlin Axis
- Spanish Civil War
- Bartok: Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celeste
- Webern: Variations for Piano, Op. 27 [nearly total serialization]
- Frank Lloyd Wright: Falling Water House
- Dali: Premonition of Civil War
- Dix: Flanders
- 1937: Japan invades China
- Hitler's Degenerate Art & Music Exhibits, Munich (included Jazz, Schoenberg, Debussy, Hindemith, Berg)
- Kokoschka: Self Portrait as a Degenerate Artist
- Picasso: Guernica
- John Cage: "The Future of Music: Credo" (essay predicting the electronic future)
- Filipo Tommaso Marinetti: "Radiophonic Theater" (futurist)
- Carlos Chavez: "Toward a New Music"
- Carl Orff: Carmina Burana
- Ravel and Gershwin die
- 1938: Hitler declares himself War Minister; pogroms in Germany
- Germany seizes Austria and Czechoslovakia (Sudentenland)
- Italy invades Albania
- War economy begins in USA
- Bartok: Violin Concerto No. 2
- Juan Miro: Head of a Woman
- Discovery of nuclear fission; Bethe: Energy Production in Stars
- 1939: Hitler invades Poland, WWII begins, USSR invades Poland
- Einstein submits incorrect field theory
- Schoenberg: Kol Nidrei
- Bartok: Sixth String Quartet
- Cage: Imaginary Landscape No.1 (first recorded electronic music used in a musical composition)
- Cage: First Construction in Metal (early percussion masterwork)
- Dix: Lot and His Daughters
- Klee: Twittering Machine
- James Joyce: Finnegan's Wake
- John Steinbeck: Grapes of Wrath
- Aaron Copland: Billy the Kid
- 1940: Germany invades and seizes France, Norway, and Denmark
- Battle of Britain; Churchill, prime minister of Britain
- Stalin assassinates Trotsky in Mexico
- USA receives many artists, composers, and scientists fleeing Europe, including Bartok and Hindemith
- Cage: Bacchanale (first prepared piano piece)
- Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls
- Charley Chaplin: The Great Dictator (Hitler)
- First commercial electron microscope
- Radar invented
- 1941: Germany invades Russia, Crete, North Africa
- Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, USA enters war
- Japan invades Phillipines
- John Cage and Lou Harrison: Double Music (first collaborative musical composition)
- Shostakovich: Symphony No. 7 (about Nazi invasion of Russia)
- 1942: United Nations formed
- Japan captures Singapore, Java, Rangoon
- Nazi death camps exterminate millions
- German troops reach Stalingrad where they are repulsed
- Tide of war begins to turn
- Stravinsky: Symphony in 3 Movements (WWII theme)
- Cage: Credo in US (first electronic/live collage), Imaginary Landscapes Nos. 2-3 (percussion)
- Picasso: The Musicians
- Dix: Self Portrait as a Prisoner of War
- Enrico Fermi splits atom
- first electronic computer in USA
- 1943: Russian troops destroy German army near Stalingrad
- German army in retreat; Hitler orders "scorched earth"
- Berlin bombed
- Allies defeat Mussolini; Italy declares war on Germany
- Schoenberg: Ode to Napolean
- Cage: The Perilous Night, prepared piano
- Mondrian: Broadway Boogie Woogie
- Chagall: Crucifixion
- Jean-Paul Sartre: Being and Nothingness
- 1944: D-Day: USA invades Normandy
- German V1 bombs London
- German army suffers devastating losses, in retreat
- Japanese retreat in Pacific
- Duchamp: Étant Donnés (1944-66)
- Hindemith: Ludus Tonalis (studies in modern counterpoint)
- Bartok: Concerto for Orchestra
- Copland: Applachian Spring (folklorism)
- 1945: Harry Truman, president of USA
- WWII ends; Germany surrenders; Hitler dead
- Mussolini killed by Italian partisans
- Atom bomb dropped on Japan; Japan surrenders
- Frank Lloyd Wright designs Guggenheim Museum
- Bartok: Piano Concerto No. 3
- Bartok and Webern die (Webern shot by an American soldier for violation of a curfew)
- Hermann Hesse: The Bead Game
- 1946: Nuremberg trials end; German war criminals executed
- Buckminster Fuller: Dymaxion House
- Copland: Symphony No. 3
- Dylan Thomas: Deaths and Entrances
- 1947: Independence of India
- Transistor invented
- Schoenberg: A Survivor from Warsaw (about concentration camps)
- Milton Babbitt: Three Compositions for Piano (first totally serialized music)
- Serge Prokofiev: War and Peace
- Thomas Mann: Doctor Faustus (about Schoenberg)
- 1948: Mahatma Gandhi assassinated
- Walter Piston: Third Symphony
- Stravinsky: Mass
- Cage: Sonatas & Interludes, prepared piano
- Pierre Schaeffer broadcasts a "Concert of Noise" over French Radio, first music made on magnetic tape
- 1949: Samuel Barber: Knoxville: Summer of 1915
- George Orwell: 1984
- Chagall: Red Sun
- 1950: Cage: Lecture on Nothing (Zen)
- Hydrogen bomb
- Korean War
- China seizes Tibet
- First concert of musique concrète at Ecole Normale de Musique
- Elliott Carter: Eight Etudes and a Fantasy (woodwind quintet)
- 1951: NATO Alliance
- Schoenberg dies
- Cage: Lecture on Something
- Cage: Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radios
- Cage: Music of Changes (first systematic use of chance)
- Feldman: Projections 1-2, Intersection 1 (first indeterminant scores)
- Robert Rauschenberg: White Paintings
- Stravinsky: The Rake's Progress, opera
- 1952: Cage: 4'33" ("silent" piece, environmental)
- Cage: Imaginary Landscape No. 5 (January, 1952; first electronic tape music in America)
- Cage: Williams Mix (electronic tape collage)
- De Kooning: Woman
- First electric guitars manufactured (Les Paul/Gibson)
- 1953: Churchill: History of the Second World War
- Columbia/Princeton and Cologne electronic music studios founded
- Karlheinz Stockhausen: Electronic Studie I, Klavierstucke, Kontrapunkte
- Heidegger: Introduction to Metaphysics
- Samuel Beckett: En attendant Godot
- 1954: Sen. Jos. MacCarthy communist witch-hunt hearings
- USA Supreme Court outlaws school segregation
- Varese: Deserts (electronic + live instruments)
- Max Ernst: Lonely
- Nabokov: Lolita
- E.E. Cummings: Poems
- 1955: Pierre Boulez: Le Marteau sans maitre
- W. H. Auden: The Shield of Achilles
- 1956: Elvis Presley popular in USA
- Stockhausen: Gesang der Junglinge (electronic + voices)
- Bergman: The Seventh Seal (movie)
- Stravinsky: Canticum Sacrum
- 1957: Sputnik Earth satellite launched
- Little Rock, Arkansas race riots
- Babbitt: All Set for Jazz Ensemble (12-tone serial jazz)
- Bernstein: West Side Story (Broadway musical)
- 1958: USA Race conflicts to desegregate schools
- Varese: Poem Electronique (for World Fair, Philips Pavilion, in collaboration with architect, Le Corbusier)
- Cage: Fontana Mix (electronic tape), Variations I
- Stravinsky: Threni
- 1959: First moon rockets
- Carl Orff: Oedipus der Tyann
- Miro: UNESCO murals
- Chagall: Le Champ de Mars
- 1960: John F Kennedy elected president of USA
- Vance Packard: The Waste Makers
- William Shirer: Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
- Cage: Cartridge Music (live, indeterminant electronics)
- Boulez: Pli selon pli
- Gyorgy Ligeti: Atmospheres (tone mass)
- Iannis Xenakis: Orient-Occident (electronic)
- Jean Tinguely: Homage to New York (self-destructing sculpture)
- 1961: Cage: Music for Carillon 4
- Luciano Berio: Visage (extended vocal techniques and electronics)
- Pauline Oliveros: Sound Patterns (extended vocal techniques)
- Krzysztof Penderecki: Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima (52 strings)
- Henry Miller: Tropic of Cancer
- Claes Oldenburg: Store
- 1962: Rachel Carson: Silent Spring
- Benjamin Britten: War Requiem
- Stravinsky: A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer
- Eero Saarinen: TWA building
- Edward Albee: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
- 1963: USA president Kennedy assassinated
- Civil Rights marches led by M.L.King Jr.
- Vietnam war escalates
- Feldman: Christian Wolff in Cambridge (obscured structure)
- Cage: Variations IV (electronic collage for an art exhibit opening)
- 1964: Harry Partch: And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma (new instruments and intonation)
- Stravinsky: Elegy for JFK
- Terry Riley: In C (first minimal music)
- La Monte Young: The Well-Tuned Piano (just intuned piano, minimal)
- 1965: Watts Race riots
- Autobiography of Malcolm X
- Cage: Rozart Mix (electronic collage)
- Gyorgy Ligeti: Requiem (tone mass micropolyphony)
- Steve Reich: Come Out (phase minimalism)
- Peter Weiss: The Persecution and Assassination of Marat Sade
- 1966: Harold Pinter: The Homecoming (theater)
- 1967 :USA race riots and war protests
- Discovery of quasars
- Ligeti: Lontano, large orchestra
- Stockhausen: Hymnen (electronic collage)
- Beatles: Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band (influential recording)
- 1968: Martin Luther King Jr. and presidential candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated
- Massive anti-war protests in USA; Chicago democratic convention riots
- USSR invades Czechoslovakia
- Feldman: False Relationships and the Extended Ending
- Berio: Sinfonia (collage)
- Britten: The Prodigal Son
- 1969: Kent State Univ students protesting war killed by police
- First men on the moon
- Cage & Lajaren Hiller: HPSCD (interactive music)
- Feldman: Between Categories
- 1970: Feldman: The Viola in My Life I-II
- Alvin Toffler: Future Shock
- 1971: Indo-Pakistan war
- Stravinsky dies
- Feldman: Rothko Chapel (static blocks of sound, analogues of Rothko's paintings)
- 1972: Nixon's Watergate
- 1974: Nixon resigns under threat of impeachment
- 1975: John Zorn: Archery (improvisational composition, game theory)
- Philp Glass: Einstein on the Beach (redefines "opera")
- 1976: Reich: Music for 18 Musicians (complex minimalism)
- 1977: Feldman: Spring of Chosroes
- Arvo Part: Tabula Rasa, Fratres
- 1978: Feldman: Why Patterns? (breaking down syntax)
- 1979: William Duckworth: Time Curve Preludes (minimal piano)
- 1981: Feldman: Patterns in a Chromatic Field (pantonal minimalism)
- 1982: Feldman: For John Cage, violin & piano
- 1983: Philip Glass: Koyanisqatsi (minimal music for movie about environment)
- Feldman: Crippled Symmetry (breaking with syntax)
- 1985: Reich: Sextet
- 1986: USA-Soviet nuclear arms reduction
- Feldman: Coptic Light
- 1987: Feldman dies
- 1988: John Adams: Nixon in China, opera
- Dennis Potter: The Singing Detective. screenplay
- 1990: Berlin Wall falls; Germany reunites
- USSR crumbles
- Cage: "number pieces"
- 1992: Cage dies
- John Adams: Chamber Symphony No. 1
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